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Mobility Analysis: Austrians Stay at Home
The Austrian company Invenium Data Insights GmbH has partnered with the mobile network operator A1 to analyze and visualize subscriber mobility pattern on a public dashboard to illustrate the impact of...
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SCF Releases 5G Functional API to Enable Open Small Cells Ecosystem
The Small Cell Forum (SCF) announced the publication of documents focused on stimulating a competitive ecosystem for vendors of 5G-era small cell hardware, software and equipment. The expanded set of...
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A Look at the same RRC Message in LTE and 5G Stand-alone Call Scenarios
Some weeks ago the differences in 4G LTE RRC (3GPP 36.331) and 5G NR RRC (3GPP 38.331) and how both protocols interact in EN-DC call scenarios have been discussed in another blog post.Now I would like...
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A Look into 5G Virtual/Open RAN - Part 3: Connection Release and Suspend
The 3rd post of this series introduces the details of connection release in the 5G RAN.Indeed, we find most of the release causes known from E-UTRAN in the 5G specs and it is clear that all protocols...
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Comparing S1AP and NGAP UE Context Release
As an addition to my blog post about the 5G RAN Release procedure I would like to have an in-depth view at the details of NGAP UE Context Release Complete message.Indeed, the S1AP (known from E-UTRAN)...
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The Futuristic Concept of 'Smart & Intelligent' Batteries
I did a presentation back in 2013 on the concept of smart batteries. Even though there has been a lot of progress in wireless charging since back then, it hasn't reached even close to the vision that I...
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Virve 2.0 - Finland's 4G/5G Public Safety Network
State Security Networks Group Finland (Erillisverkot) safeguards the Finnish society by offering authorities and critical operators engaged in critical infrastructure and services secure and reliable...
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How the A6 Measurement Event triggers Secondary Cell Change in LTE Carrier...
Last week I read in Martin Sauter's blog about the LTE RRC A6 measurement event.Although I am quite interested in RRC measurements I have never seen the A6 event in action. Rather the eNB vendors have...
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5G Remote Surgery and Telehealth Solutions
One of the most controversial 5G use cases is the remote surgery. In this post I want to quickly look at the history and what is possible. Before I go to that, here is a short summary video that I am...
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A Look into 5G Virtual/Open RAN - Part 4: Intra-gNB DU Handover
In the previous posts of this series I described O-RAN interfaces and protocols, connection establishment and connection release procedures. Now it is time to look at handovers.As mentioned in one of...
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5G Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS)
5G Dynamic Spectrum Sharing is a hot topic. I have already been asked about multiple people for links on good resources / whitepapers. So here is what we liked, feel free to add anything else you found...
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The Journey from Communications Service Provider (CSP) to Digital Service...
Reliance Jio has recently been called as India's first digital service provider (DSP), but what exactly is a DSP and how does an existing mobile network transform from the traditional communications...
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Visualisation of Intra-gNB Handover in an End-to-End Monitoring Tool
In my last blog post I described the message flow of an intra-gNB-DU handover.Today I want show how such a handover can be visualized using a ladder diagram in an end-to-end passive monitoring tool....
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Embedded SIM (eSIM) and Integrated SIM (iSIM)
It's been a while since I wrote detailed posts explaining UICC and SIM cards. Since then the SIM cards have evolved from Mini SIM to Micro SIM and Nano SIM. They are evolving even further, especially...
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5G Roaming with SEPP (Security Edge Protection Proxy)
SEPP (Security Edge Protection Proxy) is part of the roaming security architecture as shown in the figure above. Ericsson's article, "An overview of the 3GPP 5G security standard" describes the use of...
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A Look into 5G Virtual/Open RAN - Part 5: Inter-gNB DU Handover
My last blog post discussed the intra-gNB-DU handover. Now it is time to look at inter-gNB-DU handover. This means: the target cell is located in the same gNB, but connected to a different gNB...
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Carrier Aggregation (CA) and Dual Connectivity (DC)
This topic keeps coming up every few months with either someone asking me for clarifications or someone asking us to make a video. While I don't think I will mange to get round to making a video...
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Comparison Layer 2 Measurements LTE vs. 5G NR
Yesterday (2020-06-22) 3GPP uploaded the version 1.0 of TS 38.314 "Layer 2 Measurements" for 5G New Radio Rel. 16.I was wondering about the difference compared to the same LTE standard defined in 3GPP...
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A Look into 5G Virtual/Open RAN - Part 6: Inter-gNB CU Handover involving Xn
In previous blog posts I have discussed intra-gNB-DU handover and inter-gNB-DU handover scenarios.Now it is time to look at inter-gNB-CU handover that uses the Xn interface.At the RRC protocol layer...
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An Introduction to Vehicle to Everything (V2X) and Cellular V2X (C-V2X)
We made an introductory tutorial explaining vehicle to everything. There are 2 different favours of V2X as shown in this tweet belowWe have a new section on 3G4G homepage - Vehicle to Everything (V2X)...
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